RESUMEN
Over a two-year period, we surveyed natural areas of the Mayan rainforest in Quintana Roo, Mexico. We found 11 species of Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting 25 species of fruits belonging to ten plant families. We report the first records of 10 host plant species of the genus Anastrepha, which include the first report of a plant family (Putranjivaceae) serving as host of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) infesting Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) Krug and Urb. (Putranjivaceae). Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma (Sapotaceae) was found, for the first time, to be infested by Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) and by a new undescribed species of Anastrepha. We also report Casimiroa microcarpa Lundell (Rutaceae) as a possible ancestral host for the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), in Central America. The family Sapotaceae was the best-represented host group with three fruit fly species recovered: A. serpentina, an economically-important species, found in eight host plants, and A. hamata and A. sp. (new species). We recorded six species of koinobiont parasitoids: Doryctobracon areolatus Szepligeti, Utetes (Bracanastrepha) anastrephae Viereck, Opius hirtus Fisher, and Doryctobracon zeteki Musebeck, (all Braconidae), and Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brethés) and Odontosema anastrephae Borgmeier, (both Figitidae). All these parasitoid species represent at least a new report for their host plants. Of the whole parasitoid community, D. areolatus was the most important parasitoid species with 52.7% of presence in 12 host plant species, parasitizing six fruit fly species. The interaction between fruit flies and their parasitoids with host plants depends on fruit availability, which is crucial for the survival of each of these species. Conserving the landscape of the Mayan rainforest is important not only for species conservation, but also for the maintenance of fruit fly host plants in orchard agroecosystems in southeastern Mexico.
RESUMEN
Recientemente se ha abordado la delimitación de parches de vegetación a través de clasificaciones orientadas a objetos con datos multiespectrales. En esta investigación se presenta una propuesta de caracterización de selvas secundarias basada en matrices de semejanza de composición específica, estructura de la vegetación arbórea e índices de diversidad, partiendo de una clasificación orientada a objetos de imágenes multiespectrales. El área de estudio corresponde a una selva mediana subperennifolia con antecedente de aprovechamiento agrícola bajo el sistema de roza tumba y quema (Ac: hace 8-23 años), aprovechamiento forestal selectivo (Fs: hace 43-53 años), y aprovechamiento forestal selectivo e incendio forestal (Fc: hace 21-28 años). Se delinearon tres parches de vegetación de acuerdo al historial de uso, y se analizaron las diferencias entre las medias de las métricas de campo de cada parche con un análisis de varianza multivariado permutacional (P < 0.001). Con un modelo logístico multinomial se identificaron, de entre más de 20 covariables, la riqueza de especies, densidad de tallos por hectárea, y el primer eje de variación del ordenamiento NMDS de la composición específica, como los atributos de la vegetación más distintivos. El parche Fc, presenta los mayores valores en diversidad de Shannon-Wiener, riqueza de especies, y densidad de tallos mayores a 7.5 cm de diámetro. El Fs tiene los mayores promedios de biomasa, área basal y altura individual, y el Ac tiene los menores valores de todas las métricas anteriores. Las especies de mayor Índice de Valor de Importancia fueron: Ac; Bursera simaruba y Psidia psipula, Fs: Gymnanthes lucida y Manilkara zapota, Fc: G. lucida y B. simaruba.
A proposal for characterizing habitat of forests, obtained from an object-oriented classification of RapidEye multiespectral imagery, based on dissimilarity matrices of vegetation structure, species diversity and composition is presented. The study area is a forested landscape mosaic after slash and burn agriculture (Ac: 8-23 years ago), selective logging (Fs: 43-53 years ago), and selective logging and forest fire (Fc: 21-28 years ago). The site is located in the central part of Quintana Roo, México, where three vegetation patches were delineated according to remotely sensed multiespectral imagery. Mean differences between vegetation structure properties of each vegetation patch were obtained through a permutational multivariate analysis of variance (P < 0.001). Species richness, stem density per hectare, and the axis-1 scores of the non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of specific composition were identified as the vegetation attributes more relevant to differentiate the vegetation patches by a multinomial logistic model. Fc vegetation patch is characterized by the greatest mean values on Shannon-Wiener index, species richness, and stem density. The Fs has the greatest mean values of canopy height, basal area, and biomass at 80 percentile, and the Ac vegetation patch has the lowest values of all mentioned metrics. The species with the greatest relative importance value were: Ac: Bursera simaruba and Psidia psipula, Fs: Gymnanthes lucida and Manilkara zapota, Fc: G. lucida and B. simaruba. The uncertainty associated with the metrics assessed by vegetation patch was smaller than the uncertainty of the whole area, because of the efficient variability aggregation of the field data. We conclude that multiespectral information is a reliable tool for distinguishing vegetation patches with specific features, as stem density, specific composition, and species richness.
